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		<title>Business Voice-over-IP Requirements Checklist</title>
		<link>http://reddingtech.com/2011/09/13/business-voice-over-ip-requirements-checklist/</link>
		<comments>http://reddingtech.com/2011/09/13/business-voice-over-ip-requirements-checklist/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 13 Sep 2011 20:55:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bcamacho</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Topics of Interest]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://reddingtech.com/?p=201</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Introduction Before you deploy voice-over-IP or a Hosted PBX service in your office there are a few considerations (&#8230;)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Introduction</h1>
<div>Before you deploy voice-over-IP or a Hosted PBX service in your office there are a few considerations you must first address.  Switching from traditional telephone service to voice-over-IP (VoIP) requires sufficient bandwidth, a proper switch and router, and a good battery backup solution to protect you from power failures.<br />
The key voice-over-IP requirements discussed in this article are:</div>
<ul>
<li>Bandwidth &#8211; Determining how much bandwidth you will need for voice-over-IP in your office is your first step.</li>
<li>The Router &#8211; Choosing a low quality or under performing router is a costly mistake which will degrade your call quality.</li>
<li>Quality of Service &#8211; You must decide whether voice traffic will be separated from regular internet users or if it will share the same network.</li>
<li>VoIP Equipment &#8211; There are many digital office phones, soft phones, headsets and telephone adapters on the market to choose from.</li>
<li>Power Failures &#8211; Voice over IP does not work when the power goes out so you should install a battery backup system and possibly a Power-over-Ethernet switch if your budget permits it.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ul></ul>
<h1>How much bandwidth do I need?</h1>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div>Voice over IP needs a certain amount of bandwidth in order to keep your conversations clear and free of disruptions.   Bandwidth is the amount of information which your internet connection can send and receive in a certain period of time.   Your first step should be to use an online speed test to find out what your maximum upload stream and download stream is.   We suggest you do this test using a fixed connection to the internet rather than using your wifi (wireless) connection to get accurate results.   Try to use numerous tests during different times of the day to get a good average of what you can expect from your internet connection.   Bandwidth is normally measured in kbps or kilobits per second.</div>
<div>You will need to have a high speed (broadband) connection to use voice-over-IP.   A typical DSL connection will be rated at 600 kbps for the upload stream and 5000 kbps on the download stream.   You will notice that your upload stream is almost always smaller than your download stream which becomes your limiting factor for using VoIP service.</div>
<div>Your next step is to determine how many people in your office are likely going to be using the phone at the same time.   For instance, having ten people on the phone will require ten times as much bandwidth as having one person on the phone.   Below is a chart which will help you calculate how many people can be on the phone at one time:</div>
<ul>
<li> Ask your voice-over-IP service provider what audio codecs they offer as there is a trade off between audio quality and bandwidth usage&#8230;<br />
<strong> </strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Full Quality Audio (G711 Codec)</strong> &#8211; Uses 87 kbps for each concurrent phone call (NEB, one-way)</p>
<p><strong>Compressed Audio (G729 Codec)</strong> &#8211; Uses 33 kbps for each concurrent phone call (NEB, one-way)</p>
<div>So the calculation for a typical DSL connection would be:</div>
<div><strong>DSL connection:</strong> 600 kbps upload / 5000 kbps download<br />
<strong>Gives us (Full Quality):</strong> 600 kbps / 87 kbps = 6 concurrent calls<br />
<strong>Gives us (Compressed Quality):</strong> 600 kbps / 33 kbps = 18 concurrent calls</div>
<div>Notice we used the upload bandwidth in our calculation as this is the limiting factor for voice-over-IP.   You also don&#8217;t want to push your connection to the limit as most cable and DSL connections do not have guarantees in terms of how much bandwidth they will deliver.   If you Internet connection drops in bandwidth at some point during the day you don&#8217;t want your call quality to be affected.   Other factors affecting voice-over-IP are the latency of your connection and how much packet loss there is on it.</div>
<h1>Choosing a router</h1>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div>A router is the device that connects all your computers and network equipment to your Internet connection.   It is an often overlooked piece of the puzzle that can have a major impact on the success or failure of your voice-over-IP implementation.   There are many routers on the market, some are very cheap (less than $40) and others can cost you thousands of dollars.   There is nothing worse than putting a poor quality or underpowered router in your office which could cause an otherwise good VoIP installation to go bad.</div>
<div>Your router needs to be powerful enough to handle the number of phones you will have in your office and should also work flawlessly with voice-over-IP equipment.   A good place to start when deciding on your router is to speak with your voice-over-IP service provider. We also recommend checking to make sure that your router is compatible with voice-over-IP services.   The following is a list items which will help you to determine whether your router is right for voice-over-IP:</div>
<ol>
<li> How many voice-over-IP phones will you be connecting to the router? The more phones you will be connecting, the more powerful the router needs to be. Don&#8217;t use a $40 router to run an office with 10 IP Telephones.</li>
<li> Will your voice-over-IP phones have their own dedicated Internet connection? If not, a router with a quality of service (QoS) setting to prioritize voice traffic over regular traffic is an absliute must.  Without QoS you will encounter poor quality telephone calls regularily.</li>
<li> What other functions will the router need to perform? You might need your router to handle vpn connections, allow wifi (wireless) connections or perform other tasks.</li>
<li> Make sure you can bridge your router to your modem. Routers that are not bridged can cause problems with voice-over-IP installations.</li>
<li> Never use more than one router or nat gateway on the network at a time as this will cause problems for IP Telephones when they attempt to do NAT.</li>
</ol>
<div>It is always best to get a recommendation from your voice-over-IP service provider as some routers are known to perform very poorly with VoIP phones.</div>
<h1>Quality of Service</h1>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div>Call quality is a function of your network and the public internet.  Some delays and network congestion cannot be avoided due to information traveling over the public internet while other types can be avoided.  Good network design is critical to a stable and reliable voice-over-IP implementation.</div>
<div>Quality of service (QoS) refers to the ability for your router to prioritize voice traffic (VoIP) differently than regular internet traffic on your network or the seperation of voice traffic.   Voice over ip is a real-time protocol which means that if information is lost or delayed it will result in a noticeable drop in call quality or a complete loss of it.  Synptoms of network congestion include garbled audio, dropped calls and echo.    When setting up voice-over-IP in your office there are three possible ways handle voice traffic.  Some customers report perfectly good results without any quality of service (especially in a small 1-2 person office) and others report worse results with quality of service enabled on their router as some routers do a poor job of implementing this.  Generally speaking however the best way to deliver realiable voice-over-IP service is through a dedicated internet connection that is only used by the voice-over-IP equipment rather than sharing the internet with computers.  Below are the different methods of doing quality of service:</div>
<ol>
<li> No QoS &#8211; Voice traffic and regular internet traffic in your office are sharing the same internet connection.   No prioritization of voice traffic over regular traffic is being performed and thus there is the high potential that voice quality could be degraded if there is insufficient bandwidth for both voice and regular traffic. Some customers experience very few problems using this method while others report a high frequency of poor quality calls, dropped calls and garbled voices. It all depends on how much network congestion your office has. Most internet connetions are more likely to be upload bound which generally results in people not being able to hear you, because all of your upload bandwidth is being consumed by something on your network.</li>
<li> Router enabled QoS &#8211; Voice traffic and regular internet traffic in your office are sharing the same internet connection, but your router is able to distinguish between voice traffic and regular internet traffic and give the voice traffic a higher priority.  The problem with this method is that routers can only prioritize upload bandwidth which means your voice will be clear but the router cannot ensure that download bandwidth will be prioritized.  If employees on your network are downloading often this will cause a noticible drop in call quality but this method is better than no quality of service.  Some internet providers can prioritize the download bandwidth using TOS or COS methods from their end which will create an end to end quality of service solution.  Most customers find that even prioritizing upload bandwidth for voice-over-IP offers a dramatic improvement in call quality because most internet connections are limited by their upload bandwidth and have lots of download bandwidth free.</li>
<li> Separated Traffic &#8211; Voice traffic and regular internet traffic are separated onto two different internet connections and networks.  This is especially critical for larger offices with 5 or more employess.   Voice traffic is carried on one internet connection and data from computers is carried on the other connection.  In this case no prioritization is required by your router because voice traffic has its own dedicated internet connection.   This is the best way to ensure clear voice communications and the method we generally recommend customers whenever possible.</li>
</ol>
<div>The method you decide on largely depends on how much bandwidth you have, what you are using your internet connection for besides voice-over-IP and the level of call quality desired.   Many offices report perfectly good results without using any QoS, while others find that it makes a major difference in the quality of their calls</div>
<div>Choosing VoIP phones and equipment								Before deploying voice-over-IP in your office you will need to decide how each employee will be connected to your voice-over-IP provider.   There are many choices on the market today.</div>
<ul>
<li>Digital IP Telephones &#8211; These types of phones look just like regular multi-line business telephones except that they connect directly to your internet connection using a network cable.</li>
<li>Soft Phones &#8211; A soft phone is a software program running on your computer that looks and feels just like a real telephone.   This requires you to purchase a USB headset which connects to your desktop or laptop so you can make and receive calls.</li>
<li>Wifi Phones &#8211; A wifi phone looks and feels very much like a regular cell phone except that it connects to your wireless router in the office.</li>
<li>Analog Telephone Adapters (ATA) &#8211; An ATA is a small box which connects to your router and allows you to plug in regular analog telephones so they can work with voice-over-IP.   ATAs are generally low cost alternatives to digital office phones and are easy to take with you when you travel.</li>
</ul>
<div>Call quality is a function of your network and the public internet.  Some delays and network congestion cannot be avoided due to information traveling over the public internet while other types can be avoided.  Good network design is critical to a stable and reliable voice-over-IP implementation.</div>
<div>Quality of service (QoS) refers to the ability for your router to prioritize voice traffic (VoIP) differently than regular internet traffic on your network or the seperation of voice traffic.   Voice over ip is a real-time protocol which means that if information is lost or delayed it will result in a noticeable drop in call quality or a complete loss of it.  Synptoms of network congestion include garbled audio, dropped calls and echo.    When setting up voice-over-IP in your office there are three possible ways handle voice traffic.  Some customers report perfectly good results without any quality of service (especially in a small 1-2 person office) and others report worse results with quality of service enabled on their router as some routers do a poor job of implementing this.  Generally speaking however the best way to deliver realiable voice-over-IP service is through a dedicated internet connection that is only used by the voice-over-IP equipment rather than sharing the internet with computers.  Below are the different methods of doing quality of service:</div>
<ol class="bullets">
<li> No QoS &#8211; Voice traffic and regular internet traffic in your office are sharing the same internet connection.   No prioritization of voice traffic over regular traffic is being performed and thus there is the high potential that voice quality could be degraded if there is insufficient bandwidth for both voice and regular traffic. Some customers experience very few problems using this method while others report a high frequency of poor quality calls, dropped calls and garbled voices. It all depends on how much network congestion your office has. Most internet connetions are more likely to be upload bound which generally results in people not being able to hear you, because all of your upload bandwidth is being consumed by something on your network.</li>
<li> Router enabled QoS &#8211; Voice traffic and regular internet traffic in your office are sharing the same internet connection, but your router is able to distinguish between voice traffic and regular internet traffic and give the voice traffic a higher priority.  The problem with this method is that routers can only prioritize upload bandwidth which means your voice will be clear but the router cannot ensure that download bandwidth will be prioritized.  If employees on your network are downloading often this will cause a noticible drop in call quality but this method is better than no quality of service.  Some internet providers can prioritize the download bandwidth using TOS or COS methods from their end which will create an end to end quality of service solution.  Most customers find that even prioritizing upload bandwidth for voice-over-IP offers a dramatic improvement in call quality because most internet connections are limited by their upload bandwidth and have lots of download bandwidth free.</li>
<li> Separated Traffic &#8211; Voice traffic and regular internet traffic are separated onto two different internet connections and networks.  This is especially critical for larger offices with 5 or more employess.   Voice traffic is carried on one internet connection and data from computers is carried on the other connection.  In this case no prioritization is required by your router because voice traffic has its own dedicated internet connection.   This is the best way to ensure clear voice communications and the method we generally recommend customers whenever possible.</li>
</ol>
<div>The method you decide on largely depends on how much bandwidth you have, what you are using your internet connection for besides voice-over-IP and the level of call quality desired.   Many offices report perfectly good results without using any QoS, while others find that it makes a major difference in the quality of their calls</div>
<h1>Choosing VoIP phones and equipment</h1>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div>Before deploying voice-over-IP in your office you will need to decide how each employee will be connected to your voice-over-IP provider.   There are many choices on the market today.</div>
<ul>
<li>Digital IP Telephones &#8211; These types of phones look just like regular multi-line business telephones except that they connect directly to your internet connection using a network cable.</li>
<li>Soft Phones &#8211; A soft phone is a software program running on your computer that looks and feels just like a real telephone.   This requires you to purchase a USB headset which connects to your desktop or laptop so you can make and receive calls.</li>
<li>Wifi Phones &#8211; A wifi phone looks and feels very much like a regular cell phone except that it connects to your wireless router in the office.</li>
<li>Analog Telephone Adapters (ATA) &#8211; An ATA is a small box which connects to your router and allows you to plug in regular analog telephones so they can work with voice-over-IP.   ATAs are generally low cost alternatives to digital office phones and are easy to take with you when you travel.</li>
</ul>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<ul></ul>
<h1>Battery backup and Power-over-Ethernet</h1>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div>With voice-over-IP and most office telephone systems you must consider what happens when the power goes out.   For some offices this can be a regular occurrence and for others it might happen with a very low frequency.   Once of the things you will need to decide is whether or not you will install a battery backup system.</div>
<div>Here are a few important terms your should know:</div>
<ul>
<li>Power over Ethernet (PoE) &#8211; Is a technology that allows VoIP over ip telephones to be powered using regular network cables rather than power adapters which plug into the wall.   This has the advantage that you can power all the phones in your office from a single source and makes installing a battery backup unit much easier.</li>
<li>Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) &#8211; Is a device that powers your equipment when you lose power at the office.   The system has a built in battery which keeps your network devices operational when the power goes out.</li>
</ul>
<div>The easiest way to protect your phone system from a power outage is to power all the phones using a Power-over-Ethernet switch that would normally be connected in the back room where your router and cable/DSL modem is located.   This has the advantage that all your phones are drawing power from a single source which you can backup using an uninterruptible power supply (UPS).   All you need to do is plug in your PoE switch, router, and DSL/cable modem into a sufficiently powerful UPS device so that when the power goes out all your phones remain up and running.</div>
<div>NEB = Nominal Ethernet Bandwidth (one direction)</div>
<div><a href="#top"></a></div>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Why You Should Convert Your WEP Wireless to WPA</title>
		<link>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/27/why-you-should-convert-your-wep-wireless-to-wpa/</link>
		<comments>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/27/why-you-should-convert-your-wep-wireless-to-wpa/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Aug 2011 00:56:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bcamacho</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Topics of Interest]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://reddingtech.com/?p=196</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The value of simple security, protect your network by converting wireless to WPA versus WEP. Clients are consistently (&#8230;)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>The value of simple security, protect your network by converting wireless to WPA versus WEP.</div>
<div><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/A88XB7_Jz7s?rel=0&amp;hd=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe><script>jQuery(".youtube").each(function(){var width=jQuery(this).parent().width()-10;var height=(width*.5625)+30;jQuery(this).css({"width":width,"height":height})});jQuery(".tab_content .youtube").each(function(){var width=jQuery(this).parent().parent().width()-10;var height=(width*.5625)+30;jQuery(this).css({"width":width,"height":height})});</script></div>
<p><span>Clients are consistently in communications with us. Often times we experience a vast array of reactionary issues. However, as a managed service provider we do our best to deliver quality of service to my clients and one that we key in on is security. WEP is amazingly easy to crack as noted in the video. Recently I experimented with various security applications that would test weak networks. Software we used to test is BackTack, a linux derivative that is ready to go from the boot of the cd-rom. Within 5 minutes I can test and crack poor security as we seen in the web video. </span></p>
<p><span>Clients often do not understand how weak their network security is until I perform a network assessment expressing weak points. With new clients I use BackTrack as a tool to display elements of their network that we will focus on. The video was interesting to watch, I enjoyed watching the van drive around as the engineer fiddles with his workstation. In the United States you must have permission from the end user who owns the network to perform such security tests such as WEP decryption. I know several power users that try to replicate cracking of WEP keys to gain access to<br />
other user’s networks to selfishly utilize unauthorized bandwidth.<br />
</span></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>The Benefits of Centralized Management</title>
		<link>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/27/the-benefits-of-centralized-management/</link>
		<comments>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/27/the-benefits-of-centralized-management/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Aug 2011 00:49:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bcamacho</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Topics of Interest]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://reddingtech.com/?p=193</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The Centralized access point management is desirable as it facilitates fast and effective referral services for various applications (&#8230;)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The Centralized access point management is desirable as it facilitates fast and effective referral services for various applications and at the same time is cost effectiveness. If it was not for Centralized access, travelling to each access point can quickly become extremely expensive. Therefore, central management  keeps th labor cost under control. To manage remotely, organization needs to have a centralized management console tool available.</p>
<p>Some of the functions that a remote access management system can provides are:</p>
<p>Continuous transmission quality monitoring at all access points.<br />
Security by detecting rouge access.<br />
Allow remote adjustments.<br />
Immediate notification to WLAN administrators of failures.</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Diagnosing Routing issues</title>
		<link>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/27/diagnosing-routing-issues/</link>
		<comments>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/27/diagnosing-routing-issues/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Aug 2011 00:46:38 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bcamacho</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Topics of Interest]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://reddingtech.com/?p=190</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[There are different approaches for resolution depending on the connection issue scenario. Lets imagine we have a central (&#8230;)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There are different approaches for resolution depending on the connection issue scenario. Lets imagine we have a central office that has two versatility field facilities. Central office has a t1 backbone with two servers and sixteen clients. Both field offices are connected with static dsl with one server and five clients. Network connectivity for LAN is configured with a static nat table over VPN. All locations are able to connect to the internet but there is a problem with internal communications between servers. As the network engineer I would start by identifying the issue first hand and replicate. Once the issue is replicated such as expected file replication service (FRS) not replicating across servers I would then run a quick series of tests:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<ul>
<li>
<ul>
<li>ping gateway ip</li>
<li>ping server ip</li>
<li>ping external IP</li>
<li>trace route IP</li>
<li>reboot to clear cache</li>
<li>check router logs</li>
<li>verify router configuration</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Most likely the issue would be one of two things: a possible issue with router NAT tables which a simple reboot would resolve, or, an error in VPN communications. However, rare scenarios in the I.T. world occur and there could be a issue with DNS. Albeit, the best tool for diagnostics: a ping and trace route utility.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Mobile Connectivity</title>
		<link>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/27/mobile-connectivity/</link>
		<comments>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/27/mobile-connectivity/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Aug 2011 00:39:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bcamacho</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Topics of Interest]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://reddingtech.com/?p=183</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Mobile technology continues to advance at a rapid pace. With data communications growing globally emphasizing on performance for (&#8230;)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Mobile technology continues to advance at a rapid pace.<br />
With data communications growing globally emphasizing<br />
on performance for a standard in mobile connectivity. It was once considered a<br />
trend, a form of pop culture to use internet base mobile connectivity. Now we<br />
see a global standard exist that allows the entire world to share<br />
communications on a day to day basis. No longer do we assume connectivity as an<br />
option.</p>
<p>Mobile communications in recent<br />
years has gain new grounds for establishing a solid corner in our global<br />
economy. New trends continuously shift and one significant trend was the<br />
transformation of standard cellular voice communications. It seems what used to<br />
be a standard mobile device is now a diverse media powerhouse that has evolved<br />
into what we now consider a smart phone.</p>
<p>Smart phones have set the pace on<br />
how we perceive mobile communications. With the ability to transmit data equally<br />
as our desktop counterparts regarding voice and data comes the abilities such<br />
as browser base navigation and email. The future of cellular technology “will<br />
primarily be data transmission technology, with voice transmission being a<br />
secondary consideration” Panko,R. &amp; Panko, J. (2008).</p>
<p>The second generation (2G) mobile phone systems emerged during the 1990’s and<br />
differed from the First Generation (1G) mobile technology, mainly on account of<br />
using digital instead of analog transmission.<br />
With the launch of 2G a new system of text messaging and email was also<br />
introduced. Typical 2G data transmission was limited to an average 10kbps,<br />
whereas 3G allows  for greater<br />
connectivity speeds between 300-500 kbps. However, as noted<br />
“throughput vary widely by time of day and physical location” (Panko,R. &amp;<br />
Panko, J. 2008).</p>
<p>The cellular generations continue to advance and recently we have been introduced to fourth generation (4G) mobile<br />
connectivity. As of 2010 4G has been known for an average connectivity speed<br />
between 3 to 5 Mbps. However, the cellular 4G as per the international Mobile<br />
Telecommunications Advanced standards, the required speed for a connection that<br />
needs a high mobility is nearly 100 Mbps. in case of low mobility communication<br />
such as local and nomadic wireless access the need for speed is around 1 Gbps.<br />
(<a href="http://www.itu.int">www.itu.int</a>)</p>
<p>With such advancements in mobile<br />
data communications came the fast pace trend for internet based video<br />
broadcasting. As noted earlier it was 2G to allow the ability to send data<br />
digitally. Albeit, it was 3G that allowed the use of reasonably fast web access<br />
along with the ability to download and view video content. Currently the<br />
advancements in the mobile arena has gained significant momentum for greater 4G<br />
connectivity. Bottom line, 4G broadband will allow the use of high definition<br />
video and extremely fast browser base navigation.</p>
<p>Written By: Brandy Lee Camacho</p>
<p>References:</p>
<p>Panko, R., &amp; Panko, J. (2011). <em>Business<br />
Data Networks and Telecommunications</em> (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:<br />
Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780136100126</p>
<p>ITU global standard<br />
for international mobile telecommunications</p>
<p>http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/index.asp?category=information&#038;rlink=imt-advanced&#038;lang=en</p>
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		<item>
		<title>Lease Lines T1/E1&#8242;s and what they mean for digital global connectivity</title>
		<link>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/16/lease-lines-t1e1s-and-what-they-mean-for-digital-global-connectivity/</link>
		<comments>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/16/lease-lines-t1e1s-and-what-they-mean-for-digital-global-connectivity/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 16 Aug 2011 01:57:44 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bcamacho</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Topics of Interest]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://reddingtech.com/?p=173</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160; In recent times there has been a shift in global data communications in the way we see (&#8230;)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>In recent times there has been a shift in global data communications in the way we see data transmission between countries. Before the global standard of SONET/SDH there was a mismatch of data transmission inter-continental, different parts of the world had its own hierarchy of lease line access. Different parts of the world carry different standards. North America provides lease line access in the form of a T1, a dedicated connection which supports data rates of 1.544 Mbps. T1 is the standard in regards to affordable data communications for most small to large businesses. Yet, there are additional options such as a fractional T1 to help alleviate operational costs. Over time the T1 in North America has quickly became the pop culture of data connectivity. Other options above T1 exist with greater speeds of connectivity such as bonded T1’s and T3’s. In Europe there is a comparable lease line standard that starts at the speed of 2.048 Mbps known as E1. As with North America, Europe provides a similar structure for data connectivity. Although Europe structure might be relative to North America, it is different.</p>
<p>These lease lines would span between 1.544 Mbits/second for a typical T1 located in North America to over 34 Mbits/second in Europe. However, it was below 50Mbits of data transmission that cause difficulties from country to country as different parts of the world configured their own set of lease line standards.</p>
<p>With SONET/SDH the world can communicate on a standardize platform. Albeit, not perfect. There still is a variant between different parts of the world as the selection for global communications comes in two flavors:</p>
<p>“SONET (Synchronous Optical Network) in North America and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) in Europe. Other parts of the world select one or the other”</p>
<p>according to Panko,R. &amp; Panko, J. (2008).</p>
<p>With the introduction of SONET/SDH came a new wave of scalable digital communications that allowed data rates across the world to become nearly standardize in the way we digitally communicate. SONET/SDH is beyond the traditional T1/E1 lease line connectivity that most are accustomed too.</p>
<p>The benefits of using a T1/E1 and T3/E3 channel is that it is leased, and provides dedicated transmissions that can be divided into different lines for multiplexing voice and data communications. Leased lines like T1/E1 are mainly used by companies and individuals who demand Internet access performance with a dependable backbone.</p>
<p>The Leased Line service is the service provided by the provider to connect two or more locations with the symmetric line of communication. The connection is on the lease from the service provider hence the word lease is used. It is also known as Private Circuit and Data Line. Unlike the PSTN there is no number given to this line like in the PSTN. Typically, leased lines are used by businesses to connect geographically distant offices. Since it does not have any other signal as in PSTN the level of quality of the bandwidth is maintained and so is the quality. The Most Widely Used Leased Lines are T1’s and E1’s.</p>
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<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>Written by: Brandy Lee Camacho</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>References:</p>
<p>Panko, R., &amp; Panko, J. (2011). <em>Business Data Networks and Telecommunications</em> (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780136100126</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
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		<title>Development of E-Commerce and the Internet</title>
		<link>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/11/development-of-e-commerce-and-the-internet/</link>
		<comments>http://reddingtech.com/2011/08/11/development-of-e-commerce-and-the-internet/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Aug 2011 18:49:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bcamacho</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Topics of Interest]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://reddingtech.com/?p=167</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[National Science Foundation created NSFNET and was directly responsible for contributing to the growth of the internet. The (&#8230;)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>National Science Foundation created NSFNET and was directly responsible for contributing to the growth of the internet. The Acceptable Usage Policy (AUP) was put into place shortly after 1986. The AUP was responsible for restricting internet usage for only research purpose. Commercial purposes such as buying, selling, and advertising were prohibited.</p>
<p>After April 30<sup>th</sup>, 1995 the National Science Foundation discontinued the support for NSFNET and the integration with the internet. However, the ISPs interconnected at Network Access Points (NAPs) still remained connected. Once the NSFNET removed itself all policy and procedures that were set in place were also removed such as the Acceptable Usage Policy. Commercial activity quickly begun once government money was no longer used to fund the internet backbone through NSFNET.</p>
<p>Internet Service Providers (ISPs) interconnected at Network Access Points (NAPs) establishes internet communications for both business and residential. The cost is driven to the consumers by their ISP. The ISP interconnects to the Network Access Points to deliver and retrieve data. The true internet carriers are all the small networks provided by individuals and businesses.  The data links between are provided by the ISPs.</p>
<p>In addition, AT&amp;T was known as the king of intercommunications. The breakup of AT&amp;T in 1984 lead to the creation of seven Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOCs). Companies such as Pacific Bell and NYNEX become popular. Yet, as time went on, company mergers and consolidations took place that ultimately changed the original gang of seven from AT&amp;T.  Prodigy and AOL were among the most popular choices for ISP when it came to dial up networking. As the internet popularity increased in the commercial aspect so did the growth for faster data connections through various ISP. DSL was among the first in broadband ISP access. DSL was driven to success by the parent gang of seven companies by AT&amp;T.</p>
<p>Additionally, AT&amp;T business practices for dominance with all forms of telecommunications have been questioned by both the public and government.</p>
<p>“The FCC is trying to maintain a balance between cable companies, long-distance companies because it will encourage competition. AT&amp;T is concerned with how to best leverage its investment to deliver the best return for investors. And for ISPs, it&#8217;s a question of survival.&#8221; ( Yoder, Erickson 2000)</p>
<p>Interconnected allows small and large networks to connect together through various ISPs. ISPs required interconnection to their Network Access Points to deliver data between Consumer   -&gt;  ISP  -&gt;  ISP -&gt;    Host Server.</p>
<p>ISPs connect their networks together in efforts to exchange data traffic between the client and the host servers of other ISPs. Interconnection is very similar to local area networks (LAN) that exist today in residential and business dwellings.</p>
<p>Despite the failures of the dot-com bubble, e-commerce sales have risen steadily and a good example is ebay.com. The failure in the dot-com bubble was directly due to questionable business models that went public on the stock market. However, e-commerce grew despite the failures of dot-com between 2000-2001, a good example is ebay.</p>
<p>“Pierre M. Omidyar, the company&#8217;s chairman, launched eBay in 1995. The software developer started it as a free online auction service chiefly to facilitate his wife&#8217;s interest in collecting and trading Pez candy dispensers.” (Lamiman, 2008).</p>
<p>Furthermore, ebay popularity grew steadily throughout the dot-com failures with record breaking profits. “Net revenues totaled $5.4 billion in 2007, up 24 percent from the year before. The segment accounted for 70 percent of net revenues in 2007” (Lamiman, 2008).</p>
<p>Written by: Brandy Lee Camacho, August 11th, 2011</p>
<p>References:</p>
<p>Lamiman, K.. (2008, December). eBay, Inc. <em>Better Investing,</em> <em>58</em>(4), 32-33. Retrieved August 11, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Trade &amp; Industry. (Document ID: 1599537661).</p>
<p>Panko, R., &amp; Panko, J. (2011). <em>Business Data Networks and Telecommunications</em> (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780136100126</p>
<p>Steven van Yoder, &amp; Todd Judd Erickson. (2000, September). Open access and AT&amp;T: War and peace on the broadband front. <em>Boardwatch,</em> <em>14</em>(9), 42-50. Retrieved August 11, 2011, from ProQuest Computing. (Document ID: 60673352).</p>
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		<title>The Philosophy &amp; Future of Androids</title>
		<link>http://reddingtech.com/2011/07/01/the-philosophy-future-of-androids/</link>
		<comments>http://reddingtech.com/2011/07/01/the-philosophy-future-of-androids/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Jul 2011 21:19:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bcamacho</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://reddingtech.com/?p=39</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Disclaimer:  The information on this site is not an offer or solicitation to buy or sell securities. The information (&#8230;)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Disclaimer:  </strong>The information on this site is not an offer or solicitation to buy or sell securities. The information contained on this website has been compiled from sources believed to be reliable, but its accuracy is not guaranteed. This is not a solicitation to buy or sell securities and does not give investment recommendations. This website may not be construed as investment advice. Investing in securities is speculative and carries a high degree of risk. Past performance does not guarantee future results. Independently investigate and fully understand all risks before making any investment.</p>
<p><strong>What is an android?</strong></p>
<p>We define an android to be a robot with the shape and abilities of a human.</p>
<p><strong>Why build androids?</strong></p>
<p>The most important reason is to help us humans enjoy life and to relieve us of many of the mundane tasks which we all face every day. Humans have been designing tools and other devices to be used by other humans for millennia. While you could design and build a robot to do any specific task better and faster than a human, if you build a robot which has the same capabilities as a human, then it will automatically be able to use all of the countless <a href="http://wic.library.upenn.edu/equipment/videocameraspecs.html">tools</a> which we have designed in the same manner we would. Thus, the androids will be able to take over for us and perform those mundane tasks for us &#8211; but, only if they have our shape and capabilities.</p>
<p><strong>The android building business</strong></p>
<p>The android building business will become one of the greatest new industries of the 21st century. By the middle of the century and perhaps sooner, it will rival the automobile industry in size and importance. Indeed, I would compare the android business today to the automobile business of 1900. There are many universities and corporations who are even now trying to build successful androids. Very soon androids will be available for sale &#8211; and in a price range where many people will be able to afford them. While many people will fear for their jobs when androids appear, I believe that the android industry will create more jobs than it destroys &#8211; just as did the computer industry.</p>
<p><strong>Uniqueness of androids</strong></p>
<p>Androids will be the most unique product ever produced because they will be the first product which can build itself! This ability should lead to a lower cost product because of low labor costs. Not only will they build themselves, but they will also be able to tell you what is wrong when something inside them fails. In some cases, androids will be able to repair themselves. And, at the very least, androids will be able to repair other androids &#8211; much as doctors repair humans.</p>
<p><strong>Potential value of the android business </strong></p>
<p><strong>How much is the world’s automobile industry worth? Probably in the area of one trillion dollars per year. That is the potential of the android business too. Why? Think about it. The cost of an android will be about the same as a car. The potential sales are way into the tens of millions. Actually almost any job which is NOT CREATIVE could potentially be performed by an android. That means assembly line workers, fast food workers and sales personnel could all be replaced. Our initial goal is a domestic servant. The first person, company, or group to produce a working android will become BILLIONAIRES.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Superintelligence</strong>  </p>
<p>Many people have probably already realized that a superintelligence already exists &#8211; it is called the internet. Clearly, all we need to do is to interface the androids to the internet and they will rapidly become super intelligent too. We at Android World plan to introduce such an interface for our Valerie android within a year. Perhaps some readers are familiar with the <a href="http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html">Loebner prize</a> which is a real prize for a computer program which can pass the (Alan) Turing test. The <a href="http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~asaygin/tt/ttest.html">Turing test</a> is a test which if passed is considered to give an indication of intelligence. To date, computers have not done very well. However, I believe that soon computers and more specifically androids will suddenly become superintelligent due to their interface to the internet. They will be able to converse in many if not all languages (can you do that?) and will have access to unlimited information via the internet (can you do that?).</p>
<p><strong>Will androids be dangerous?</strong>  </p>
<p>I believe that it is extremely unlikely that they will become dangerous or try to take over the world as portrayed by Hollywood in many  movies &#8211; such as 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Terminator, Terminator-2, Saturn-5, The Stepford Wives, Westworld or Future World.</p>
<p>Why won&#8217;t they become dangerous? OUR androids will have built in (software) protection (Asimov&#8217;s first law) to prevent them from hurting people intentionally.  However, it will be very hard to prevent the android from accidentally harming humans in some cases &#8211; such as the following.   Suppose some person puts poison into the salt container.  Then, if the android used salt from that container (thinking it was salt, of course), he might poison and perhaps kill a person.  I&#8217;m sure you can think of many other booby traps which could be set up to &#8220;frame&#8221; an android. People and also androids (because we have built in protection against this) need a reason to hurt people intentionally. Androids don&#8217;t need sex or money or food or posessions or clothes for that matter.   We are creating them to serve us. If we didn&#8217;t give them anything to do, they would have absoutely nothing TO DO. THAT quickly becomes very boring, so I think they will be happy to serve us. I believe that they will be appreciated and even loved by their owners.   They will become more indespensible than anything else you own.</p>
<p>Why can&#8217;t they take over the world? Because it is extremely unlikely that there are some unknown laws of physics which the androids could discover and use against humans. Keep in mind that when a scientist or inventor discovers something new it is common to build specialized equipment to investigate it. Such equipment is becoming more and more costly and thus new discoveries are getting more and more expensive. It seems ridiculous to me that a group of androids could secretly develop some new and dangerous weapon.</p>
<p><strong>What can an android do?</strong></p>
<p>The short answer is just about anything a person can do. It will have no need to eat or breathe or to perform other bodily functions and will therefore not be equipped to do so. However, in the future, there will doubtless be versions which will be able to have sex. Although this will not be useful for the android, it will clearly be of interest to some buyers. Our initial product will NOT have sex, because we don’t want the bad publicity which will inevitably follow. One very important function an android will perform for you is to be a 24 hour security guard for your home or business. Since it need not sleep, it will always be awake and can sound the alarm in case of burglary or fire. It could also phone the police or fire department and tell them where the emergency was (something your trusty dog or <a href="http://www.surveillance-video.com/">surveillance camera</a> cannot do). It will also be able to converse intelligently with you about any subject (which few spouses can do) and it will of course remember all of its previous conversations with you. It will become your best friend. It will probably do homework for the kids if asked, but more likely the parents will forbid the androids from doing homework. Androids will be able to provide in home care for the elderly or infirm. In this way we will be doing our part to reduce the cost of medical care. At this time I am not sure about caring for babies so we will not allow them to do that for now &#8211; until we are sure they won’t make any mistakes.</p>
<p><strong>What will an android cost?</strong></p>
<p>I believe that their cost will be comparable to that of a car. Although Honda Motor company has indicated that their android, Asimo, will sell for about $300,000, the cost is surely much lower. Once production reaches volume levels, the cost will come down. We estimate that Valerie will sell for $45,000 &#8211; $75,000. Custom versions will be available for somewhat more. We believe that many people will want androids built to look like people they know &#8211; such as a late spouse or child or a famous person like a movie star or an athlete or a rock star.</p>
<p><strong>When will androids be available?</strong>  </p>
<p>There are well over a 200 different groups or people now working to develop androids. Honda has already produced a human-sized product called Asimo. Sadly, Asimo has few useful abilities, however other androids will appear within the next few years. We are currently working on our Valerie android which will also be available within a few years. I believe that 10% of US homes will have an android within 12 years and 50% will within 20 years. That represents a potential market of 10 million units in the next 12 years just in the US. It is probably the same for Japan or Western Europe giving a potential of 30 million units worldwide in the next 12 years.</p>
<p><strong>What will the future of androids be?</strong></p>
<p>Besides providing relief from the mundane tasks of everyday life, I believe that androids have a very bright future in space exploration. Since androids don’t need to breathe and are not bothered by the cold of outer space, they are the perfect <a href="http://www.smarthome.com/_/index.aspx">workers</a> for building spaceships and facilities on the Moon, Mars, and in orbit around the Earth and elsewhere in space. Ten years ago I wrote a book called “<a href="http://www.androidpubs.com/space_book.htm">JOBS for the 21st Century</a>” which discussed space development and the use of androids in its development. This book is available on <a href="http://www.androidpubs.com/">my Mars website</a>. There you can read it or purchase a copy. You can also read about my <a href="http://www.androidpubs.com/prod02.htm">revolutionary method of spaceship propulsion</a> which is FAR SUPERIOR to rockets. Please visit: <a href="http://www.androidpubs.com/">http://ww</a></p>
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		<title>Is Android the Future of Portible Computing?</title>
		<link>http://reddingtech.com/2011/07/01/is-android-the-future-of-portible-computing/</link>
		<comments>http://reddingtech.com/2011/07/01/is-android-the-future-of-portible-computing/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Jul 2011 21:17:52 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bcamacho</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://reddingtech.com/?p=37</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Sevices like Apple’s iPhone and the various versions of Blackberry smartphones are revolutionizing computing. Phones and phone-like devices (&#8230;)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sevices like Apple’s iPhone and the various versions of Blackberry smartphones are revolutionizing computing. Phones and phone-like devices are increasingly blurring the lines between notebook computers, netbooks and phones. The mobile computing revolution is on!</p>
<p>One platform, however, truly stands out as a potential game changer. That platform is the Android platform from Google. Is Android the future of mobile computing? There is certainly a strong potential for Android to shape the future of mobile computing.</p>
<p>Android’s strength comes from its openness. The Android SDK is open source and the license governing Android itself allows any handset manufacturer to use and modify it. This allows Android to shape the future of mobile computing by making it available to any hardware manufacturer that wants to use it. This means that Android is likely to be the OS of choice for future mobile computing hardware like tablet PCs or e-book readers.</p>
<p>Android’s openness also applies to the selection of mobile carrier. This is one area where many users have been unhappy with Apple’s iPhone. Android is widely available which means that most wireless carriers have an Android handset available. Customers want choice. By giving them choice, Android positions itself as the future of mobile computing.</p>
<p>Android’s greatest strength, however, is its development kit. In the history of computing, the platforms that supported the application developers best became the clear winners. Failure to support application developers with robust tools killed the really Apple platform and IBM’s OS2. This is a mistake that Apple seems to be willing to repeat with the iPhone. The iPhone development tools are difficult to use and the application approval process seems terribly subjective at times. This makes iPhone application development unprofitable for many developers. In contrast, the Android development tools use Java and even C/C++. This allows developers to write applications for Android using languages they already know and use. Additionally, it allows them to use the tools they are already using such as Eclipse. The Android SDK also provides a very robust emulator so that application developers can test their Android applications without relying on physical hardware to do so. The future of mobile computing will largely be determined by the availability of the applications that end users want and need. In this regard, Android is a clear winner.</p>
<p>The biggest danger to Android’s dominance over the future of mobile computing is fragmentation. The ability of hardware vendors to extend Android without contributing their changes back to the Android project could lead to various incompatible versions of Android. To some extent, this has already happened as developers have had to struggle some to make their applications to support different hardware capabilities. This fragmentation of Android would make it harder for application developers to write code for Android. Since the support of application developers is crucial to the success of any computing platform, fragmentation could be a serious threat to Android as the future of mobile computing.</p>
<p>Is Android the future of mobile computing? I think the answer is that it certainly could be. Android’s open nature makes it possible for hardware developers to use it for whatever new devices they can imagine. Its SDK makes it easy for application developers to create the applications users want and need. Both factors make Android a strong contender for the shape of the future of mobile computing. However, there is a danger that hardware vendors will customize Android to the extent that the platform becomes fragmented. If this happens, it will be harder for application developers to write for Android and this could endanger its lead position as the future of mobile computing.</p>
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		<title>Future of VOIP in 2011, a New Beginning for Small Business?</title>
		<link>http://reddingtech.com/2011/07/01/future-of-voip-in-2011-a-new-beginning-for-small-business/</link>
		<comments>http://reddingtech.com/2011/07/01/future-of-voip-in-2011-a-new-beginning-for-small-business/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 01 Jul 2011 21:17:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>bcamacho</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://reddingtech.com/?p=35</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[What will VOIP technology be in 2011? Good question. Well it is 2011 already. VOIP started to become (&#8230;)]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>What will VOIP technology be in 2011?</strong></p>
<p>Good question. Well it is 2011 already. VOIP started to become the mainstream telecommunication portal in 2010 with services like <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Skype</span>, Vonage, <span style="text-decoration: underline;">Lingo</span> and many other services starting to show their true service. 2011 will be a better year for VOIP. Why is that you ask? Technology only grows because the need is strong. People always want better options, always want cheaper calls. The rule of society is we get what we want from the developers. Now that Google is entering the VOIP market this will open up horizons of new VOIP.</p>
<p><strong>What will Google Do?</strong></p>
<p>We all know Google. If they do something they do it perfectly. Google Voice was revolutionary in giving its users arrays of options. Now Google and Gizmo are teaming up to provide a VOIP service. No one knows what’s the official date on the releases but it will be in 2010. This means war in the VOIP market. Think about it. Google is the best all around company right now. If they provide a VOIP service that is top notch with the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">cheapest VoIP</span> calls, the services like Skype Vonage etc will have to keep up.</p>
<p>When competitions arises in the market, it only benefits us, the consumers. This is great for us because now we can get even better rates because of the competitors market. Most users will use Google as there VOIP service because well, they are the best. Think about Google Voice with Gizmo integration plus cheap calls, this is a moneymaker!</p>
<p><strong>What will happen to the Future of VOIP?</strong></p>
<p>Future is looking extremely good. Rates to many international countries are skyrocketing down. In a few years, we can probably expect less than 1 cent calls to many countries worldwide. India is one of this less than 1 cent per minute countries but many others will come into it as well. We expect to see Bangladesh, US and UK in this scenario as well. If one VOIP service is able to provide less than 1 cent/minute to a country then others will have to follow or else, only one thing to do then, out of business!</p>
<p>VOIP is a competitive market and in 2010 it will be one of the most competitive markets in the world. It is the telecommunication era now. Almost every person who can afford a phone has one and some have more then one. A new beginning will begin soon for VOIP. Also in the USA, many cell phone service providers are seeing the potential of incorporating VOIP in there services. They will be able to charge users for this extra service which means more money.</p>
<p>Mobile VOIP will open up to a whole new level as well. Mobile is growing tremendously with new phones that are capable of handling VOIP such as Google Android, iPhone, and Windows Mobile. The possibilities are endless for everyone. But lets just wait and see what unravels as the year goes on. The prediction is that users will save even more money then last year on the <span style="text-decoration: underline;">cheapest VoIP</span> calls worldwide.</p>
<p>What are your opinions? What will happen to VOIP? Let us know. Stay tuned for the latest VOIP news.</p>
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